The previous blog sought to look beyond the apparent importance of techniques in physical education and club sports and argued that, as practitioners, we needed a fuller understanding of what makes up a game. In short, it suggested that we needed to understand the interplay of competition and cooperation and the interactions that occur between teams, groups of players, and individual players (often simultaneously) and how these, and not just skills, influence how students learn about games and gameplay.
This week’s blog explores the notion of health-related exercise (HRE) in education and argues that we have taken a sport-based and not a health-based approach to HRE, to date, in schools. In this way we have positioned performance above participation and prioritised ‘the moment’ of activity over the potential of lifetime engagement. Until we move from the ‘here and now’ of sports and start to build for the future then HRE will continue to be seen as a supplement rather than the mainstay of school physical education.
Volume 4: The curriculum and the subject matter of physical education
Paper 81:
Harris, J. (2005/2012). Health-related exercise and physical education. In D. Kirk (ed.) Physical Education: Volume IV. (pp. 178-199) London: Routledge.
My ‘take home’ message – the implications of the research on practice
The irony, for me at least, is that I grew up as teacher during the advent of the national curriculum in the UK and yet I don’t seem to have been affected by it as much as I should. Well, that’s not quite true but when I consider my teaching of health-related exercise (or the lack of it) I seem to have either been oblivious to the need for it or made a decision (conscious or otherwise) to avoid teaching my students about it.
To be honest – and looking back from a safe distance – I think it scared me a little (just like dance did, although not to the same degree). I think it sacred me because I didn’t know very much about it. My first degree had focused primarily on psychology and sociology and the biomechanics and physiology side of my sports studies course had been dropped as soon as possible. Couple that with my own struggles with maintaining peak fitness (I wasn’t the most dedicated exerciser as a player as I really just liked playing– one of my downfalls I suppose) and health-related exercise didn’t have great appeal to me.
As the title of this week’s blog suggests the bleep test (or multiple level fitness test) was something that I recall, to this day, with dread. To me it was a way of proving what I already knew, and what everyone else apparently already knew, i.e. that I was one of the least ‘fit’ of the players in my position. Neither that knowledge, nor the test, ever motivated me to do better but instead simply served as something to get through. I had other attributes as a player but the bleep test just served to highlight my weaknesses. As a player I was never taught the thinking behind doing the test, nor the reasons why it was being used, I was simply told to do it. In some respects I think I wanted to avoid those same feelings for my students, while in others I was worried that my own ignorance would lead me to the position where I would simply request my students to do it.
As I developed as a teacher and the word ‘pedagogy’ started to mean something to me I started to question our (as a department) collective approach to health-related exercise. Put simply we used to spend the coldest weeks of the year making the kids run the cross county (because the pitches were frozen and we couldn’t do rugby) and used to set up a fitness circuit in the gymnasium (when it was raining) for a whole year group to run and in which titles such ‘king of the gym’ and ‘iron man’ were awarded to the fittest and ‘most improved’ and ‘trier’ to those who were expected to do poorly but who surprised us as members of staff. Both of these sessions were predominantly weather dependent and not learning driven, and they focused on the students’ doing (at our request) and not understanding (for the student’s own development) exercise.
Towards the end of my teaching career I started to change these institutionalised approaches to health-related exercise. For example, we looked at different strategies for cross-country. We explored pacing and interval work and the idea of run-walking as we tried to help the students to understand not only that being active was good and being inactive was bad but also why and perhaps most importantly what they could do about it. They were no longer judged (by me at least) by their time and finishing position but by their knowledge, understanding and personal development.
I have no idea what happened to those steps forwards when I left the school but I suspect that they vanished from the programme (as most of my work did) and that ‘king of the gym’ has since been reinstated. I guess I can’t take responsibility for that but I can take responsibility for what happened on my ‘shift’ and try and help the teachers that I work with not to make the same mistakes as me. If PE has a role to play in health then we need to think less about sport, fitness and performance and think more about health, activity and participation. My curriculum didn’t encourage health but fitness (in fact it overtly rewarded it) and I didn’t see myself as being part of the long-term health of my students. I don’t think I was alone in this (or indeed I don’t think I’m a standalone or even minority case) but that’s in the past. The question is “what can we collectively and individual do to make sure my example is not the norm?”
The Paper
Harris sets out to review the field of health-related exercise (HRE) and uncover the enduring themes and up-to-date issues that relate to this field. She begins by offering two definitions of HRE, one from a general standpoint and another related to education. Both, in my mind, allow us (as a subject) to position our expectations and ourselves when it comes to HRE. With regards to the general definition Harris suggests “HRE is activity associated with health enhancement and disease prevention.” To me this is a ‘doing’ definition and stands in contrast to the educational definition, which suggests that HRE relates to the “teaching of knowledge, understanding, physical competence and behavioural skills, and the creation of positive attitudes and confidence associated with current and lifelong physical activity.”
My reading of this – and the rest of the chapter – is that schools generally, and PE specifically, have taken on a perspective and attitude towards HRE that is focused on ‘activity’ and not ‘knowledge and understanding.’ To me this means that we have focused on being an active subject in which students move around rather than a subject that helps to create a ‘positive attitude and [the] confidence [to be involved] in current and lifelong physical activity.” As my example above indicates (and as Harris suggests) physical education has adopted a narrow interpretation of HRE that has led to a number of undesirable practices (to be discussed later but refer to king of the gym).
At the heart of Harris’s chapter is the question “is health a driver for physical education?” and through a review of the field (albeit predominantly from a UK perspective) she seeks to answer that question. She argues that while health drove PE in the early part of the 20th Century this aim has since been overtaken by other objectives; chiefly skill development. However, this seems to be a big oversight as school is positioned as “an appropriate setting for the promotion of health-related learning and behaviours, not least because there is the potential for sustained exposure to an environment which can positively influence the behaviour of almost all children for about 40-45 per cent of their waking time.” That said PE itself only accounts for less that 2 per cent and as such must consider itself as a vehicle for change and not the opportunity itself. In other words it needs to be a ‘learning’ and not just a ‘doing’ part of students’ HRE education.
Behind the concern for the form that HRE takes in schools is an on going concern about teachers “relatively limited knowledge and understanding of the area.” HRE is not well taught in schools, universities, or in professional development situations and as such teachers are required to get by on what they know or can glean from other sources. While some of this learning might come from governmental initiatives and the publication (both commercial and otherwise) of resources there is little understanding of how teachers access this information. Furthermore, while much “formal and semi-official government rhetoric” positions schools as important places for students to learn about health there is little connection made between children’s preferences for lifestyle, recreational and non-competitive activities over the government’s drive for competitive school sport.
Harris suggests that some teachers are guilty of forcing some students into “hard, uncomfortable exercise, such as arduous cross-country running and fitness testing, at the expense of developing understanding and physical and behavioural skills and enhanced attitudes through positive activity promotion.” School is often seen as the place to exercise and fails to acknowledge where young peoples activity might occur. We need to develop a better understanding of the range of settings and the relative modes and times that young people exercise (i.e. active transport, informal play, formal sports and active jobs) and position PE as a facilitator and catalyst for enhancing these activities across the life course.
What’s next? As part of this series of blogs I propose the following as a way of considering the implications of this research on your teaching- Think, Act, Change (or TAC for short).
Think about findings of the paper – do they resonate with you? Use the comment box below to ask a question, seek clarification, may be challenge the findings.
Act on what you’ve read. What do you believe? Is it your responsibility to make changes or is this just something else that I’ve put on your plate? Is there action to take? If so, what might it be?
Change what you do in response to your thoughts and actions? Is this a personal undertaking? If you want to do something or are looking for help then please let the community know about it.
I wouldn’t expect every paper to get beyond the T or even the A of TAC but if one paper resonates enough to get to C then hopefully all this is worthwhile. Good luck.
Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Vicky Goodyear for her work behind the scene as copy editor and Routledge (part of the Taylor and Francis group) for donating a copy of the Physical Education: Major themes in education series. Their respective help certainly forms a vital part of the production of this blog, and in getting out on time and in a semblance of coherence. However it is important to note that any mistakes that remain are mine.
